Knowledge Update

New York, Sep 30 (IANS) Humans reached the southern cone of South America some 14,000 years ago, earlier than previously thought, says a study based on ancient artifacts found at an archaeological site in Argentina.

Humans' arrival in southern South America 14,000 years ago may represent the last step in the expansion of Homo sapiens throughout the world and the final continental colonisation, the researchers said.

Approximately 13,000 years ago, a prehistoric group of hunter-gathers known as the Clovis people lived in Northern America. 

Previous research suggests that the Clovis culture was one of the earliest cultures in South America. 

However, the new research from the Pampas region of Argentina supports the hypothesis that early Homo sapiens arrived in the South America earlier than the Clovis hunters did.

The evidence for earlier human arrival in South Americas comes from a rich archaeological site in southeastern South America called Arroyo Seco 2. 

"The Arroyo Seco 2 site contains a rich archaeological record, exceptional for South America, to explain the expansion of Homo sapiens into the Americas and their interaction with extinct Pleistocene mammals," the study said.

A group of scientists led by Gustavo Politis from Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires presented the research in a new study published in the journal PLOS ONE.

At Arroyo Seco 2, the researchers excavated ancient tools, bone remains from a variety of extinct species, and broken animal bones containing fractures caused by human tools. 

They used radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the mammal bones and analyzed the specimens under a microscope.

The analysis revealed the presence of limb bones from extinct mammals at the site, which may indicate human activities of transporting and depositing animal carcasses for consumption at a temporary camp. 

The bones of some mammal species were concentrated in a specific part of the site, which could indicate designated areas for butchering activities. 

Microscopic examination also revealed that some bones contained fractures most likely caused by stone tools. 

The remains were dated between 14,064 and 13,068 years ago, and the authors believe that Arroyo Seco 2 may have been occupied by humans during that time.

This timeline, along with evidence from other South American sites, indicates that humans may have arrived in southern South America prior to the Clovis people inhabiting the Americas, but after the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum, the last glacial period, which took place 19,000 to 20,000 years ago, the researchers said.

Washington, Sep 30 (IANS) Chemistry in the surface material on Mars contributed dynamically to the make-up of its atmosphere over time, a study has found.

The findings come from the NASA's Curiosity rover's Sample Analysis at Mars, or SAM, instrument suite, which studied the gases xenon and krypton in the Mars atmosphere.

The two gases can be used as tracers to help scientists investigate the evolution and erosion of the Martian atmosphere. 

The SAM team ran a series of first-of-a-kind experiments to measure all the isotopes of xenon and krypton in the Martian atmosphere, a paper published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters said.

The team's method is called static mass spectrometry, and it is good for detecting gases or isotopes that are present only in trace amounts. 

"The unique capability to measure in situ the six and nine different isotopes of krypton and xenon allows scientists to delve into the complex interactions between the Martian atmosphere and crust," said Michael Meyer, lead scientist for the Mars Exploration Programme at NASA Headquarters in Washington. 

"Discovering these interactions through time allows us to gain a greater understanding of planetary evolution," Meyer noted.

A lot of information about xenon and krypton in Mars' atmosphere came from analyses of Martian meteorites and measurements made by the Viking mission.

"What we found is that earlier studies of xenon and krypton only told part of the story," lead author of the report Pamela Conrad, and SAM's Deputy Principal Investigator at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, said.

"SAM is now giving us the first complete in situ benchmark against which to compare meteorite measurements," Conrad noted.

​New York, Sep 29 (IANS) Apple and Deloitte on Thursday joined hands to help companies accelerate their work via solutions available on iPhones and iPads across platforms.

Deloitte is creating a first-of-its-kind Apple practice with over 5,000 strategic advisors focused on helping businesses change the way they work across enterprise, retail, field

​Ontario, Sep 28 (IANS) After failing to revive its smartphone business despite several efforts, BlackBerry on Wednesday announced it will cease internal hardware development and will focus on software and services.

​London, Sep 29 (IANS) What will you do to find yourself at complete rest: Reading, being with nature, being on your own, listening to music or doing nothing in particular? Better choose one fast for your own well-being as you grow old.

According to the world's largest survey of more than 18,000 people from 134 different countries on this topic, over two thirds (68 per cent) of the public would like more rest.

Nearly a third (32 per cent) of respondents said they need more rest than the average person, while 10 per cent think they need less.

"The survey shows that people's ability to take rest, and their levels of well-being, are related. These findings combat a common, moralising connection between rest and laziness," said lead researcher Felicity Callard, social scientist at Durham University in Britain.

Rest -- a much broader category than sleep -- has physical, mental and spiritual components, the study said.

The online survey -- rest test -- found that those who felt they needed more rest scored lower in terms of well-being.

Similarly, those who responded saying they think they get more rest than average or do not feel the need for more rest, had well-being scores twice as high as those who wanted more rest.

This suggests that the perception of rest matters, as well as the reality, the researchers observed.

In addition, people found reading (58 per cent), being in the natural environment (53.1 per cent), being on their own (52.1 per cent), listening to music (40.6 per cent), doing nothing in particular (40 per cent) as the top five most restful activities that is often done alone.

"It's intriguing that the top activities considered restful are frequently done on one's own," Callard said

"Perhaps it's not only the total hours resting or working that we need to consider, but the rhythms of our work, rest and time with and without others," he added.

The survey asked respondents to state how many hours of rest they had within the last 24 hours.

On average, being younger and having a higher household income was associated with having fewer hours of rest.

Further, those with caring responsibilities or in shift work which included nights also reported fewer hours of rest.

"These survey shows just how crucial it is to our well-being to ensure people do have time to rest. We can begin to try to work out what the optimum amount of rest might be and how we should go about resting," explained Claudia Hammond, presenter of Radio 4's All in the Mind and associate director of Hubbub -- an international team of scientists, humanists, artists and broadcasters in London.

The survey was presented during BBC Radio 4's programme -- The Anatomy of Rest.

​New York, Sep 28 (IANS) Facebook is set to launch its enterprise communication and collaboration network "Facebook At Work" globally in a few weeks on a per seat pricing model for businesses to make it easier for employees to exchange ideas easily, a media report said on Wednesday.

​New York, Sep 28 (IANS) A team of Indian-American engineers has devised a way to send secure passwords through the human body using smartphone fingerprint sensors and laptop touchpads -- rather than over the air where they're vulnerable to hacking.

Madrid, Sep 28 (IANS) Spain is above the European Union average for people who have never used the Internet, a study published on Tuesday revealed.

Data collected by Eurostat for the Instituto de Estudios Economicos (IEE) in Madrid, showed that 19 per cent of Spaniards had never used the Internet, meaning Spain is below

​Geneva, Sep 27 (IANS) Global trade growth figures for 2016 have fallen short of estimates, according to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

In a report released by the WTO on Tuesday, global trade grew by 1.7 per cent so far in 2016, much less than the 2.8 per cent forecast last April, Efe news reported.

London, Sep 26 (IANS) Researchers in New Zealand have restored the "true sound" in the earliest known recording of computer-generated music that British mathematician Alan Turing's pioneering work in the late 1940s helped create.