Knowledge Update

London, April 11 (IANS) Ancestors of modern-day humans are thought to have wiped out the ancient Neanderthals from Europe by passing on diseases and infections when they moved out of Africa and into the continent previously dominated by them.

The Neanderthals, who would only have developed resistance to the diseases of their European environment, are most likely to have been infected with a bacterium that causes stomach ulcers, the virus that causes genital herpes, tapeworms and tuberculosis.

The researchers said that some infectious diseases are likely to be many thousands of years older than previously believed.

The diseases and infections to which the hunter-gatherers were exposed would have made them less able to find enough food and remain healthy. The diseases would have spread through sexual contact between the two species.

"Humans migrating out of Africa would have been a significant reservoir of tropical diseases," said Charlotte Houldcroft from the University of Cambridge in Britain.

"For the Neanderthal population of Eurasia, adapted to that geographical infectious disease environment, exposure to new pathogens carried out of Africa may have been catastrophic," Houldcroft added.

The findings showed Helicobacter pylori -- a bacterium that causes stomach ulcers -- as highly likely to have been passed by humans to Neanderthals. 

It is estimated to have first infected humans in Africa between 88,000 to 116,000 years ago, and in Europe 52,000 years ago.

Another likely candidate is herpes simplex 2 -- the virus that causes genital herpes. Evidence in the genome of this disease suggested that it was transmitted to humans in Africa 1.6 million years ago from another, currently unknown hominin species that in turn acquired it from chimpanzees.

The researchers have challenged the view that the spread of infectious diseases exploded with the evolution of agriculture about 8,000 years ago, which saw denser and more settled human populations coexisting with livestock.

Instead, genetic data showed that many infectious diseases have been "co-evolving with humans and our ancestors for tens of thousands to millions of years, and passed from them to the animals,” the researchers noted in the paper published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

"Hunter-gatherers lived in small foraging groups. Neanderthals lived in groups of between 15-30 members, for example. So disease would have broken out sporadically, but have been unable to spread very far. Once agriculture came along, these diseases had the perfect conditions to explode, but they were already around,” Houldcroft maintained.

Recent theories for the cause of Neanderthal extinction range from climate change to an early human alliance with wolves resulting in domination of the food chain.

"It is probable that a combination of factors caused the demise of Neanderthals and the evidence is building that spread of disease was an important one," Houldcroft concluded.​

​London, April 11 (IANS) Assessing the relationship between gender, BMI and notion of 'attractiveness', a new study finds that weight is intrinsically linked to attractiveness and women are the harshest judges and most harshly judged.

The findings showed that females perceive men and women with higher body mass index (BMI) as less attractive and judge other women harshly about weight in relation to beauty.

Conversely, men do not judge another man with a higher weight negatively, but still see overweight women as less attractive.

"This is the first study that looks at the relationship between BMI and attractiveness, from both gender's perspective" explained Sonia Oreffice, professor of University of Surrey in Britain.

Further, the anthropometric attributes -- physical measures of a person's size, form, and functional capacities, play a significant role in wage regressions in addition to attractiveness, showing that body size cannot be dismissed as a simple component of beauty.

The study, published in the journal Economics and Human Biology, provides insight into the relationship between body size and beauty and the wage inequality associated with it.

Body size -- height for both men and women and BMI only for men -- explains wages above and beyond beauty.

This contributes to bridge the gap between studies on the economics of anthropometric measures (including height and BMI), on one hand, and the economics of beauty, on the other, estimating the relevance of body size and beauty, the researchers concluded.​

​London, April 10 (IANS) Instead of reading a label, consumers could soon be interacting with an electronic screen on packages in the future. Scientists from the University of Sheffield have developed a new way of attaching electronic screens to paper-based packaging where screens can display simple messages to customers -- a move that can revolutionise the packaging industry. "Labels on packaging can become much more innovative and allow customers to interact with and explore new products. The use of displays or light emitting panels on packaging will also allow companies to communicate brand awareness in a more sophisticated manner," said led researcher and professor David Lidzey. The team collaborated with technology company Novalia to create a new way of displaying information on packaging. It can be used in greeting cards or products where a customer could receive a simple message. Further developments can include a countdown timer on the side of a packet to indicate when a timed product was ready -- such as hair-dye, pregnancy tests or home-baking using a 'traffic lights' system. The process involves printing electronic tracks onto paper and then fixing low-cost electronics and a polymer LED display to the paper using an adhesive that conducts electricity. Scientists also designed and constructed a touch-pad keyboard on the paper that allows a user to selectively "drive" the LEDs in the display. The team's next steps are to create fully flexible organic displays on a plastic substrate that then fix onto the electronic tracks. The LED devices need to be low-cost and flexible enough to be used on all packaging. "The paper-based packaging industry is worth billions of dollars. This innovative system could give manufacturers a way to gain market share by being able to distinguish its products from competitors," noted Chris Jones from Novalia said in a paper published in the IEEE Journal of Display Technology.​

​Munich, April 12 (IANS) German car producer Audi AG on Tuesday announced that its sales in the Chinese market in the first quarter rose by 4.7 percent to 139,540 units. "Following a year of consolidation in 2015, Audi is once again on track for growth in China," Xinhua news agency cited Audi as saying its website. Statistics show that 50,986 cars were sold in March to customers in China, an increase of 5.4 percent and gains were seen particularly in the compact class. In addition, the four rings company also announced that it has achieved the best first quarter in the company's history along with the most successful sales month. The Ingolstadt-based company increased global sales by 4.6 percent to a monthly high of around 186,100 units in March, which brings cumulative deliveries since January to around 455,750 cars, four percent more than in the same quarter last year, according to a statement. "The strong demand in the first quarter confirms that we are on the right track to achieve another sales record for the full year in 2016," said Dietmar Voggenreiter, member of the board of management for sales and marketing.​

Dubai, April 11 (IANS) India-UAE trade has increased phenomenally in the last half century and at $60 billion per annum currently, has made the Gulf nation India's third largest trading partner since the last couple of years, Petroleum Minister Dharmendra Pradhan said on Monday.

​Beijing, April 11 (IANS) China will invest around $1.5 billion to upgrade Beijing's Zhongguancun district or the "Silicon Valley of China", an area with a strong presence of technology companies.

​Beijing, April 11 (IANS) The World Bank expects the Chinese economy to grow 6.7 percent in 2016, the bank said in a report on Monday.

The projection is on par with its last estimate in January. The bank has kept its projection for 2017 at 6.5 percent, Xinhua reported.

​Abu Dhabi, April 11 (IANS/WAM) The overall growth of foreign direct investment in Abu Dhabi in 2014 grew by 12.8 percent, figures revealed on Monday.

The figures came as part of the final findings of the field foreign investment survey carried out by the Statistics Centre - Abu Dhabi (SCAD).

​Nairobi, April 11 (IANS) Kenya is fast tracking the development of disease free zones in order to boost livestock exports, an official said on Sunday.

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Principal Secretary Dr Andrew Tuimur told Xinhua in Nairobi that two disease free zones will be operational by the end of the year.

​London, April 11 (IANS) Using data from NASA's Kepler space telescope, astrophysicists from the University of Birmingham have discovered extra-solar planets whose atmospheres have been stripped away by their host stars.

According to them, planets with gaseous atmospheres that lie very close to their host stars are bombarded by a torrent of high-energy radiation. 

Due to their proximity to the star, the heat that the planets suffer means that their "envelopes" have been blown away by intense radiation. 

This violent "stripping" occurs in planets that are made up of a rocky core with a gaseous outer layer.

"The results show that planets of a certain size that lie close to their stars are likely to have been much larger at the beginning of their lives. Those planets will have looked very different," said Dr Guy Davies from the University of Birmingham's school of physics and astronomy. 

The findings have important implications for understanding how stellar systems, like our own solar system, and their planets, evolve over time and the crucial role played by the host star.

Scientists expect to discover many such "stripped systems" using a new generation of satellites including the NASA TESS Mission which will be launched next year. 

The paper was published in the journal Nature Communications. ​