Knowledge Update

New York, Sep 23 (IANS) A gene that can potentially reduce female mosquitoes has been identified by a team of US researchers. That's good news for malaria, dengue, Zika control. The bad news is this happens over generations of moquitoes.

Female mosquitoes draw human blood to facilitate their egg production and are also the prime carriers of the pathogens that cause deadly diseases like malaria, Zika, and dengue fever.

The study found that placing a particular Y chromosome gene on the autosomes of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes -- a species responsible for transmitting malaria -- killed off 100 per cent of all female embryos that inherited this gene.

The extra copy of this gene, which the researchers call Guy1, is passed on to both sexes but only males survive, the study said. 

"The Guy1 protein is a strong candidate of the male determining factor in Anopheles stephensi," said Zhijian "Jake" Tu, Professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the US.

"The extra copy of the Guy1 gene is only passed down to half of the progeny, leaving some females among the mosquitoes that did not inherit the gene in the next generation," added Frank Criscione from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the US.

In order to produce all male offspring, all progeny needs to inherit this extra copy of Guy1, which can potentially be achieved by using genome-editing, the researchers stated, in the paper published in the journal eLife.

London, Sep 23 (IANS) Researchers have found a potential new way of stopping one of the most aggressive types of brain tumour from spreading, which could also lead the way to better patient survival.

Glioblastoma, which is one of the most common types of malignant brain tumours in adults, grow fast as well as spread easily. 

The tumour has threadlike tendrils that extend into other parts of the brain making it difficult to remove it all, the study from the University of Southampton in Britain said.

The findings suggest that by blocking specific enzymes called ADAM10 and ADAM17, the tumour can be stopped from growing and spreading. 

It also moves the cancer cells away from the place where they were growing which could allow them to be removed through traditional cancer treatments such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery, the researchers noted.

"Glioblastoma is a devastating disease which is often untreatable. We have found that blocking ADAMs may lead to reduced tumour growth and less recurrence following conventional treatments, improving the chance of complete surgical removal and improving survival rates," said Sandrine Willaime-Morawek, Lecturer at the University of Southampton in Britain.

The current treatment regimens are ineffective against the small population of cancer stem cells residing in the tumourigenic niche. 

These tumours are highly proliferative and infiltrative resulting in a median patient survival of only 14 months from diagnosis.

However, the new therapeutic approach could involve the removal of these cells from the microenvironment that maintains the cancer stem cell phenotype, the researchers concluded in the paper published in the journal Molecular Neurobiology. 

Jerusalem, Sep 23 (IANS) Using a membrane extract from spinach leaves, Israeli researchers have developed a bio-photo-electro-chemical (BPEC) cell device that produces electricity and hydrogen from water using sunlight.

The BPEC cell is based on the naturally occurring process of photosynthesis in plants in which light drives electrons that produce storable chemical energetic molecules that are the fuels of all cells in the animals and plants.

The BPEC cell and plant membranes absorbs sunlight and convert it into a flow of electrons. In order to utilise photosynthesis for producing electric current, the researchers added an iron-based compound to the solution. 

This compound mediates the transfer of electrons from the biological membranes to the electrical circuit, enabling the creation of an electric current in the cell.

The electrical current can also be channelled to form hydrogen gas through the addition of electric power from a small photovoltaic cell that absorbs the excess light. 

This makes possible the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy that is stored as hydrogen gas formed inside the BPEC cell, suggested the study published in the journal Nature Communications.

This energy can be also converted into heat and electricity when necessary by burning the hydrogen, in the same way hydrocarbon fuels are used.

However, unlike the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels -- which emit greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere and pollute the environment -- the product of hydrogen combustion is clean water. 

Therefore, this is a closed cycle that begins with water and ends with water, allowing the conversion and storage of solar energy in hydrogen gas, which could be a clean and sustainable substitute for hydrocarbon fuel.

"The combination of natural (leaves) and artificial (photovoltaic cell and electronic components), and the need to make these components communicate with each other, are complex engineering challenges that required us to join forces," said Avner Rothschild, researcher at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, at Haifa, in Israel.

​New York, Sep 24 (IANS) When strict deadlines are in place, workers tend to complete their tasks at the last minute, often leading to lower quality outcomes, a new study shows.

In the study, the researchers from Syracuse University examined the impact of deadlines using large-scale patent data. 

The findings showed that patent applications tend to cluster around the end of the month and those month-end applications are, on average, more complex. 

Moreover, the work quality is lower for tasks completed at month-end.

"Our study is valuable because it examined work flows, task complexity and work quality across thousands of firms for several decades," said Natarajan Balasubramanian, associate professor at the Whitman School of Management at Syracuse University in New York, US. 

"We now have novel, large-scale evidence for the effect of deadlines on job-flows and have quantifiably demonstrated the negative effects deadlines can have on work quality," Balasubramanian added.

The study suggests that managers need to be vigilant about understanding the negative work quality effects of using deadlines, and should review to fully discern if the benefit of accelerating projects outweighs the possible negative effects on work quality, the researchers said.

"Further, to the extent that the use of deadlines leads to poorer-quality and 'fuzzier' patents, deadlines have broader implications for the process of technological innovation," Balasubramanian noted.

The study is forthcoming in Management Science.

​London, Sep 24 (IANS) Infants whose mothers had a higher level of a particular type of vitamin B during pregnancy may be at a lower risk of developing eczema -- inflammation of the skin -- researchers have found.

The study, from the University of Southampton in Britain, is the first to link maternal serum levels of nicotinamide -- a naturally occurring form of vitamin B3 -- and related metabolites to the risk of atopic eczema -- the most common form of eczema -- in the child.

The results showed that offspring of mothers with higher levels of nicotinamide had a 30 per cent lower chance of developing atopic eczema at 12 months. 

There was an even stronger association with higher levels of anthranilic acid, a tryptophan metabolite.

Nicotinamide and related nutrients are important for the body's immune responses and energy metabolism, the study said.

Levels of nicotinamide are maintained through intake of foods such as fish, meat, chicken, mushrooms, nuts and coffee as well as tryptophan, an amino acid found in most proteins. 

Nicotinamide can improve the overall structure, moisture and elasticity of skin and therefore could potentially alter the disease processes associated with eczema, the researchers noted. 

Further, the study showed a gradual association between higher maternal nicotinamide and anthranilic acid levels and a lower risk of atopic eczema, suggesting that the development of eczema is not simply prevented by the presence of these nutrients.

"Nicotinamide cream has been used in the treatment of eczema but the link between the mother's levels of nicotinamide during pregnancy and the offspring's risk of atopic eczema has not been previously studied. The findings point to potentially modifiable influences on this common and distressing condition," said lead researcher Sarah El-Heis from the University of Southampton.

For the study, published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy, the team assessed the amount of nicotinamide and related tryptophan metabolites during pregnancy in 497 women who took part in the Southampton Women's Survey. 

The team studied the rates of eczema in their children at ages 6 and 12 months.

The study supports the concept that eczema partly originates as a baby develops in the womb and could reveal ways of reducing the risk of the skin condition, the researchers said.

"More research is needed to investigate this interesting association, but the findings are further evidence of the potential benefits of eating a healthy balanced diet during pregnancy," added Keith Godfrey, professor at the University of Southampton.

​New York, Sep 23 (IANS) Virtual reality (VR) training programmes may help individuals with autism to practice social situations without fear of consequence, says a study.

"Individuals with autism may become overwhelmed and anxious in social situations. The virtual reality training platform creates a safe place for participants to practice social

​San Francisco, Sep 23 (IANS) US tech giant Apple has acquired Tuplejump -- a Hyderabad-based machine learning startup that helps companies to store, process and visualise big data with its unique software.

​London, Sep 22 (IANS) A British consumer watchdog has told technology giant Microsoft to compensate customers whose computers have been adversely affected by the Windows 10 upgrade. Last year Microsoft rolled out a free Windows 10 update to all its customers. However, the widely accepted new operating system did not come out as good as people hoped it would. Since Microsoft's Windows 10 update became available, consumer watchdog Which? received hundreds of complaints about the software, including repeated pop-ups regarding updates, various problems regarding printers, WiFi cards, working of speakers, files being lost and email accounts no longer syncing. Many have complained about being "nagged" by Microsoft to install the new update and despite declining notifications, Windows 10 installed itself anyway, Mirror Online reported. Which? said there have also been complaints about poor customer service from Microsoft when users contacted the company about the problems they are having, the report said. Of 2,500 people surveyed, who had upgraded to Windows 10, more than 12 per cent said they ended up rolling back to their previous version of the operating system. More than half stated that this was because the upgrade had adversely affected their PC. "We rely heavily on our computers to carry out daily activities so, when they stop working, it is frustrating and stressful," Alex Neill, Which? Director of Campaigns and Policy, was quoted as saying. "Many people are having issues with Windows 10 and we believe Microsoft should be doing more to fix the problem," Neill added. Which? is now calling on Microsoft to improve its customer service and compensate its customers where appropriate.

New York, Sep 22 (IANS) Smoking, a leading preventable cause of deaths worldwide, impacts the human DNA for more than 30 years even after one quits, a study has found.

The findings showed that smoking leaves its "footprint" on the human genome in the form of DNA methylation -- a process by which cells control gene activity.

Methylation, one of the mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression, affects what genes are turned on, which has implications for the development of smoking-related diseases.

"Our study has found compelling evidence that smoking has a long-lasting impact on our molecular machinery, an impact that can last more than 30 years," said lead author Roby Joehanes, instructor at Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts, US.

For people who stopped smoking, the majority of DNA methylation sites returned to the levels that are seen in those who never smoked within five years of quitting it.

However, some DNA methylation sites persisted even after 30 years of quitting.

Even decades after stopping, former smokers are at long-term risk of developing diseases including cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and stroke. 

The most statistically significant methylation sites were linked to genes enriched for association with numerous diseases caused by cigarette smoking, such as cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers.

DNA methylation could be an important sign that reveals an individual's smoking history, and could provide researchers with potential targets for new therapies, the researchers said.

For the study, the team conducted a meta-analysis of DNA methylation sites across the human genome using blood samples taken from nearly 16,000 participants.

The researchers compared DNA methylation sites in current and former smokers to those who never smoked.

Smoking-associated DNA methylation sites were associated with more than 7,000 genes, or one-third of known human genes.

The researchers suggest that some of these long-lasting methylation sites may be marking genes potentially important for former smokers who are still at increased risk of developing certain diseases. 

The discovery of smoking-related DNA methylation sites raises the possibility of developing biomarkers to evaluate a patient's smoking history, as well as potentially developing new treatments targeted at these methylation sites.

The results were published in the journal Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics.

Washington, Sep 22 (IANS) The microbes that people have brought with them so far to the International Space Station -- and left behind -- are the focus of a new collaborative research opportunity from NASA and the non-profit Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Microbiome research on the space station is an important area of research for NASA as it prepares astronauts for future long duration spaceflight. 

"NASA is incredibly excited to partner with the Sloan Foundation through a Space Act Agreement to look at the microbiome of the space station to better understand how to control the microbial environment in future human exploration spacecraft," David Tomko, space biology programme scientist at NASA, said in a statement on Thursday.

More than 200 people have crossed the airlock threshold to the International Space Station to conduct research that benefits people on Earth and NASA's ambitious plan to send humans to Mars.

Humans bring microbes everywhere they go ? some of which reside inside the body, such as the intestinal tract. Others are outside the body on skin and clothes, for example. 

When these collective microbial communities enter a human-made environment like the International Space Station they create their own microbial ecosystem known as the Microbiome of Built Environments (MoBE).

NASA is seeking proposals from postdoctoral fellows to analyse the microbial communities inside the space station to determine how the communities colonise, adapt and evolve. 

The researchers will have access to a collection of space station microbial samples gathered over a decade or more, and archived at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston.