Knowledge Update

​New York, Sep 24 (IANS) Fish oil which contains Omega-3 fatty acids helps to boost brain functions and acts as an anti-inflammatory within the body -- helping athletes and soldiers manage intense training better, finds a study.

Low concentration of fish oil in the blood and also lack of physical activity may contribute to the high levels of depressed mood among soldiers returning from combat, the study suggested.

Fish oil content is especially important for soldiers due to the consistent training and physical regiments performed in and out of combat and risk of traumatic brain injury.

For the study, published in the journal Military Medicine, researchers worked with 100 soldiers to identify which factors affected the moods of those returning from combat.

"We looked at how physical activity levels and performance measures were related to mood state and resiliency. What we found was the decrease in physical activity and the concentration of fish oil and Omega-3s in the blood were all associated with resiliency and mood," said Richard Kreider, Researcher at the Texas A and M University.

The study originated from research that examined Omega-3 fatty acid levels of soldiers who committed suicide compared to non-suicide control and found lower Omega-3 levels in the blood were associated with increased risk of being in the suicide group.

According to the researchers, these findings are significant toward addressing some of the issues many soldiers face.

"The mental health of soldiers is a serious concern and it is exciting to consider that appropriate diet and exercise might have a direct impact on improving resiliency," said Nicholas Barringer, Researcher at the Texas A and M University.

In order to properly measure soldiers physically, Kreider and Barringer developed a formula that has the potential to assist in effectively screening soldiers with potential post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ahead of time. 

The formula measures a number of factors including fitness and psychometric assessments, physical activity and additional analysis.

"By improving resiliency in service members, we can potentially decrease the risk of mental health issues. Early identification can potentially decrease the risk of negative outcomes for our active service members as well as our separated and retired military veterans," Barringer added. 

"The military is using some of our exercise, nutrition, and performance-related work and the findings may help identify soldiers at risk for depression when they return from combat tours," Kreider added. 

The study mentioned that by working to identify such high-risk issues faced by soldiers, it can set a precedent that will benefit not only the military leadership, but also the general public.

​London, Sep 24 (IANS) To identify individuals at risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) much earlier and improve its prevention, a new genetic risk tool has been developed by an Indian-origin researcher.

Genetic factors have long been known to make a significant contribution to CHD risk. Recent advances in genetics have led to the identification of many Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, or SNPs -- very small differences in our DNA that vary from person to person. 

The research, published in the European Heart Journal, shows how using this new knowledge could pave the way for earlier and more personalised preventative interventions.

By looking at over 49,000 SNPs the researchers created a score, known as a genomic risk score (GRS), and showed that the higher the GRS the higher the future risk of CHD. People with a GRS in the top 20 per cent had an over five-fold higher life-time risk of CHD.

The clinical risk scores are based on known risk factors for CHD such as cholesterol level, having high blood pressure or diabetes and smoking. But such scores are imprecise and unable to identify a large proportion of people who develop CHD. 

The researchers showed that the GRS was independent of the clinical risk scores and by combining the two risk score tools they were better able to predict people who were at risk of developing CHD in the next 10-years.

"This study shows the potential benefits of using a genetic risk score over and above current methods to identify people at increased risk of coronary heart disease. We already know that CHD starts at an early age, several decades before symptoms develop, and preventative measures should ideally be applied much earlier, especially to those who are at increased risk," said Nilesh Samani, Professor at the University of Leicester, England.

Beijing, Sep 25 (IANS) The world's largest radio telescope began operations on Sunday in a mountainous region of China's Guizhou province.

Shortly after noon, in a valley in Pingtang county, hundreds of astronomers and astronomy enthusiasts witnessed the official launch of the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope's (FAST) mission to explore space and hunt for extraterrestrial life, Xinhua news agency reported.

Work on the nearly 1.2 billion-yuan ($180 million) project started in 2011, 17 years after it was proposed by Chinese astronomers.

The installation of the telescope's main structure -- a 4,450-panel reflector as large as 30 football pitches -- was finished in early July.

​Beijing, Sep 23 (IANS) A Chinese shopping website affiliated with e-commerce giant Ali Baba group plans to launch the world's first e-commerce satellite to provide consumers with customisd products.

​New York, Sep 24 (IANS) After a stupendous response from 28 countries in the first phase beginning from September 16, Apple's iPhone 7 ans iPhone 7 Plus will now be available in additional 30 countries, starting from Saturday. Todaya's launch includes the following countries: Andorra, Bahrain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Greenland, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jersey, Kosovo, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Maldives, Malta, Monaco, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia and Slovenia. iPhone 7 and 7 Plus will be launched in India on October 7. Apple also launched its new "Apple Watch Series 2", "Apple Watch Edition" and updated Series 1 models in 20 additional countries on Saturday. The new "Apple Watch Series 2 Hermes" was also launcheed for the first time in 18 countries on Saturday. Apple enthusiasts are known to swarm company stores and form long queues in the hours before any big launch and the scene at its stores in 28 countries in the first phase was no different on September 16. Coming in silver, gold, rose gold and the new black finish (jet black), iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus will be available in 32GB, 128GB and 256GB models, starting at Rs 60,000, in India. iPhone 7 features breakthrough new camera systems, the best battery life ever in an iPhone and water and dust resistance. "Apple Watch Series 2", the ultimate device for a healthy life, offers water resistance at 50 metre, GPS, two-times-brighter display, dual-core processor and watchOS 3. Starting at $369, the 'Apple Watch Series 2' will be water resistant to 50 metres and the speaker will literally repel the water like a piston. The device will have a dual core processor with GPU that is up to two times faster. Since Navratri -- an auspicious time for shopping -- begins on October 1 and with Diwali falling on October 30, this is a strategic time for Apple to register super iPhone 7 sales in India.

​New Delhi, Sep 23 (IANS) Brand USA, the destination marketing organisation for the US, is attempting to drive enough Indian visits to meet its stated goal of 2.8 million tourists by 2021.

"Visitation to US, when it comes to Indians, has been great. We have had an increase of 17 per cent in 2015. The aim is to reach a milestone of 2.8 million visitors from India by 2021," Cathy Domanico, Vice President, Global Trade Development, Brand USA, told IANS on Friday.

Brand USA was established in 2010 by the Travel Promotion Act as the nation's first public-private partnership to promote the country as a premier travel destination.

The organisation's mission is to increase international visits to the US in order to fuel the economy and enhance the image of the US worldwide. 

"Our goal is to really educate the trade and the destinations. The objective is to bring people beyond the gateways as they don't see much if they come through the gateways," Domanico said during the fifth annual "Brand USA India Mission" organised here to provide an opportunity to the US suppliers to engage with key decision makers through free flow one-on-one appointments.

"We have plans in work to accomplish our goal as there are a lot of prospects in tourism from India to the United States," she added. 

More than 258 million visitors travelled to California in 2015 from every corner of the world, 291,000 of them from India. Indian travellers stayed an average 19 days on their trip, spending $1,785 each, making them a valuable target for California tourism businesses, according to the Brand USA. 

"India is a very big country which has its population in billions. We want to focus on the luxury market and education travels. We will continue to work on the millennial market as India has more number of people under the age of 35 than most of the countries," said Domanico

This study aimed to describe the status of Tourism Cultural and Promotional Development Division Office (TCPDD) of City Economic Management and Cooperative Development Office of CEMCDO. 

The study was conducted to determine the work ethics, values and performance of the Officers, specifically the

​Toronto, Sep 23 (IANS) Hormonal changes that women experience throughout their menstrual cycles can have significant effects on how they approach and solve problems, a study has found.

Women have sometimes reported that their memory works differently depending on which phase of the menstrual cycle they are in -- even during and following pregnancy, or following menopause, the study said. 

"Our research shows that, rather than impairing memory in general, oestrogen and progesterone - female sex hormones - may instead cause the brain to favour one memory system or strategy over another," said Wayne Brake, Professor at Concordia University in Quebec, Canada. 

For the study, researchers tested 45 women who had regular menstrual cycles. First, participants responded to a 'hormonal profile' questionnaire that gathered detailed information on their periods, past pregnancies, contraceptive and synthetic hormone intake history and general life habits.

The participants were then given a verbal memory task, such as remembering a list of words, as well as a virtual navigation task, such as finding their way through a maze in a video game, that could be solved in several ways.

The results showed that women who were ovulating performed better on the verbal memory task. On the other hand, women in their pre-menstrual phase tested better at solving spatial navigation tasks.

That proves that women tend to use different strategies to solve tasks -- such as navigating a maze or remembering a list of words -- depending on where they are in their menstrual cycle.

Previously studies have shown that the levels of oestrogen and progesterone in rodents influence different brain regions, affecting various memory systems involved in task-solving.

"For example, when oestrogen levels are high, female rats will use one type of memory system or strategy versus another to solve a maze. This is the first study to show that this is also true in humans (women), who solve tasks in different ways based on their hormones," Brake noted, in the paper published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology.

​New York, Sep 23 (IANS) In a ray of hope for people with alopecia areata -- an autoimmune disease that causes patchy, and sometimes total hair loss - researchers have found promise in a drug which is already approved for treating certain bone marrow disorders.

In a study, researchers from Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) reported that seventy five percent of patients with moderate to severe alopecia areata had significant hair regrowth after treatment with ruxolitinib.

By the end of their treatment, average hair regrowth was 92 percent, said the study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation/Insight.

Ruxolitinib is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug that inhibits the Janus kinase (JAK) family of enzymes known as JAK inhibitors.

"Although our study was small, it provides crucial evidence that JAK inhibitors may constitute the first effective treatment for people with alopecia areata," said Julian Mackay-Wiggan, Associate Professor at CUMC .

"This is encouraging news for patients who are coping with the physical and emotional effects of this disfiguring autoimmune disease," Mackay-Wiggan noted.

Alopecia areata, the second most common form of hair loss, can occur at any age and affects men and women equally. 

The disease usually causes hair loss on the scalp, but some patients also experience facial and body hair loss, with devastating consequences particularly in children. Currently, there is no known treatment that can completely restore hair.

Previously, the Columbia researchers identified the specific immune cells and the dominant inflammatory signalling pathways responsible for attacking the hair follicle in alopecia areata, putting them into a dormant state. 

Subsequent experiments with mouse and human hair follicles showed that topical and oral drugs that inhibit the Janus kinase family of enzymes, reawaken these dormant follicles by blocking inflammatory signalling. 

Two such JAK inhibitors already approved by the U.S. FDA are ruxolitinib, a medication that is used to treat bone marrow malignancies, and tofacitinib, a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

To test this hypothesis, the researchers initiated a small, open-label clinical trial of 12 patients with moderate to severe alopecia areata (more than 30 per cent hair loss). 

All patients were given 20 mg of oral ruxolitinib, twice a day, for three to six months.

Participants were followed for an additional three months to assess the durability of treatment response.

Nine of the patients had hair regrowth of 50 per cent or more. By the end of the treatment period, 77 per cent of those who responded to the therapy achieved hair regrowth of over 95 per cent. 

A third of the responders had significant hair loss in the follow-up period after the medication was stopped, although their hair loss did not reach pre-treatment levels.

The drug was well tolerated in all participants with no serious adverse effects, the researchers reported.