Knowledge Update

​Canberra, Sep 7 (IANS) Australia and Britain have established a bilateral Trade Working Group to act as a stepping stone towards signing a free trade deal (FTA) once UK exits the European Union (EU).

​London, Sep 6 (IANS) Genetic factors are responsible for prompting individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to develop alcohol dependence as well as indulge in binge eating, finds a study.

Apart from children, nearly five per cent of the global adult population is also suffering from ADHD, the study said, adding that both alcohol dependence and binge eating are more common in adults with ADHD than in the general population. 

The research suggests that certain individuals inherit a susceptibility for both ADHD symptoms and dependency disorders or binge eating, thus these problems must be treated in parallel, said Andrea Johansson Capusan from Linkoping University in Sweden.

"When treating adults who come with dependency disorder or substance-abuse behaviour, it's important to remember that ADHD is very common in these patients. And conversely-it's important to treat ADHD early in order to prevent alcohol dependence and binge eating later in life," Capusan added.

For the study, the researchers examined more than 18,000 twin pairs aged between 20 and 46 years.

They compared identical twins, who share 100 per cent of their genes, with fraternal twins, whose genetic makeups are no more similar to each other than any pair of siblings. 

Twin pairs grow up in the same environment, but are affected by individual environmental factors, such as diseases and their circles of friends, the researchers said. 

For ADHD symptoms and alcohol dependence, 64 per cent of the overlap was explained by common genetic factors. 

The remaining variance was accounted for by environmental factors specific for each twin with no sex differences for the overlap. 

Similarly, 91 per cent of the association between ADHD symptoms and binge-eating behaviour was explained by common genetic factors. 

The study helped researchers to determine whether the correlation between different conditions can best be explained by a person's genetic background giving higher susceptibility to a condition, or whether environmental factors are significant. 

Since heredity plays such a large role, it is important that ADHD is treated at an early stage, and that measures are taken to prevent individuals developing these disorders later in life, the researchers concluded.​

New York, Sep 7 (IANS) While electric fans keep young adults cooler by increasing the evaporation of sweat, they may, surprisingly, have the opposite effect for those above the age of 60, suggests new research.

The heart rate and internal temperature of seniors exposed to 41.6 degree Celsius temperatures and increasing humidity levels climbed even higher when they tried to cool off with fans -- instead of falling as expected, according to study findings reported in the journal JAMA.

"Although differences were small, the cumulative effect could become clinically important during prolonged heat exposure, such as during extreme heat waves," said Craig Crandall, Professor of Internal Medicine at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in the US.

"We know that fans keep young adults cooler by increasing the evaporation of sweat," Crandall said. 

"We surmise that age-related impairments in sweating capacity make fans an ineffective means of cooling for the elderly during exceptionally hot days, and may, in fact, increase thermal and cardiac strain," Crandall noted.

Researchers studied the physiological responses of a small group of elderly patients in a high-heat, high-humidity environment. 

Participants between the ages of 60 and 80 were observed for approximately two hours in a room with the temperature set at a sweltering 41.6 degrees Celsius and a humidity level that was gradually increased from 30 per cent to 70 per cent. 

Not surprisingly, both heart rate and internal body temperature rose as the humidity level in the room rose. 

The eight individuals in the study were tested under those conditions without a fan and, on a separate occasion, with an electric fan. 

Unexpectedly, the participants' heart rates were 10 beats per minute higher and their internal temperatures marginally higher when a fan was part of the experimental environment. 

Although these findings suggest that fan use may be counterproductive for seniors during heat waves, the investigators propose that fan use may still be beneficial under less extreme environmental conditions, though this needs to be confirmed.

​London, July 31 (IANS) It seems that Google and Tesla have a new competitor in their driverless car projects -- FiveAI, a Britain-based startup that is working on a technology that is data light and fully autonomous.

New York, July 31 (IANS) In their bid to design new bio-materials that promote tissue regeneration, scientists have identified how inflammation, when precisely controlled, is crucial for bone repair.

The findings showed that a new type of ceramic scaffold causes inflammatory cells to behave in a way that is more regenerative than scaffolds that are currently used clinically.

The reason can be attributed to macrophages -- swallowing white blood cells that digest foreign particles, the researchers said.

"We wanted to know why these scaffolds were successful and to understand the contributions of macrophages to that process," said Kara Spiller, Associate Professor Drexel University, in Pennsylvania, the US.

The findings showed that the new ceramic scaffolds caused macrophages to transform into an M2c phenotype, meaning they express genes associated with re-modelling.

This behaviour was not seen in the scaffolds that have been approved to be used in humans.

Further, the study also found that macrophages must be in direct contact with the scaffold in order to regenerate tissue.

"The macrophages degrade the scaffolds and shape them into something new," Spiller said.

Determining why certain scaffolds are successful in re-growing bone will ultimately help biomedical engineers design other types of scaffolds and new drug delivery strategies to promote healing in other areas of the body, the researchers concluded in the paper published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface.​

​Beijing, July 31 (IANS) A rare Chinese yew tree, believed to be about 3,000 years old, was discovered in Jilin province, authorities said on Sunday.

The living tree, located in Huanggou Forest, is more than 40 metres tall and has a diameter of 1.68 metres, Xinhua news agency quoted Yang Yongsheng, head of the forest administration, as saying.

The tree was among the more than 30 Chinese yew trees discovered earlier this week in the forest.

Called a "living fossil" of the plant world, the Chinese yew has existed for 2.5 million years.

Since many of the trees have been harvested to extract taxol, used to treat cancer, the species is now under first-grade national protection for endangered plants.​

Seoul, July 31 (IANS) A research team at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) has developed ultra-thin and transparent oxide thin-film transistors (TFT) that can be used to make high performance wearable and transparent displays.

With the advent of the "Internet of Things" era, strong demand has grown for wearable and transparent displays that can be applied to fields like augmented reality and skin-like thin flexible devices. But flexible transparent displays developed in earlier studies face challenges like poor transparency and low electrical performance. 

Led by Keon Jae Lee and Sang-Hee Ko Park from KAIST, researchers set out to overcome these challenges by using the inorganic-based laser lift-off (ILLO) method, according to the study published recently in the journal Advanced Materials. 

"By using our ILLO process, the technological barriers for high performance transparent flexible displays have been overcome at a relatively low cost by removing expensive polyimide substrates. Moreover, the high-quality oxide semiconductor can be easily transferred onto skin-like or any flexible substrate for wearable application," Lee said.

The team fabricated a high-performance oxide TFT array on top of a sacrificial laser-reactive substrate. After laser irradiation from the backside of the substrate, only the oxide TFT arrays were separated from the sacrificial substrate as a result of reaction between laser and laser-reactive layer, and then subsequently transferred onto ultrathin plastics. 

Finally, the transferred ultrathin-oxide driving circuit for the flexible display was attached conformally to the surface of human skin to demonstrate the possibility of the wearable application. The attached oxide TFTs showed high optical transparency of 83 per cent.

​London, July 31 (IANS) Cognitive ability like intelligence and verbal abilities, whether high or low, only predicts prejudice towards specific groups, according to a study.

"Very few people are immune to expressing prejudice, especially towards people they disagree with," said Mark Brandt, researcher, Tilburg University, the Netherlands, in the study published in Social Psychological and Personality Science.

The researchers analysed data from 5,914 people that includes a measure of verbal ability and prejudice towards 24 different groups.

Analysing the results, the researchers found that people with both relatively higher and lower levels of cognitive ability show approximately equal levels of intergroup bias but towards different sets of groups. 

People with low cognitive ability tended to express prejudice towards groups perceived as liberal and unconventional such as atheists, gays and lesbians.

People with high cognitive ability showed the reverse pattern. They tended to express prejudice towards groups perceived as conservative and conventional such as Christians, the military, big business, revealed the study.

"In our prior work we found that people high and low in the personality trait of openness to experience show very consistent links between seeing a group as 'different from us' and expressing prejudice towards that group. The same appears to be true for cognitive ability,” added Brandt.

According to the study, low cognitive ability express prejudice towards some target groups. For other target groups the relationship was in the opposite direction. For these groups, people with high levels of cognitive ability expressed more prejudice. ​

​New York, July 31 (IANS) Researchers have identified a genetic link between a rare heart rhythm disease and an increased risk for seizures proving a clear association between the heart and the brain of such patients.

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a rare heart rhythm condition that can potentially cause fast, chaotic heartbeats. These rapid heartbeats might trigger a sudden fainting spell or seizure.

The findings showed that patients carrying LQTS genetic mutations were three times more likely to have experienced seizures in their past, compared to their family members who did not carry those mutations.

Further, people with LQTS who experience seizures are at greater risk of sudden cardiac death.

“Seizure status is the strongest predictor of cardiac arrhythmias - the abnormal heart rhythms characteristic of LQTS,” said lead author David Auerbach from University of Rochester in New York, US.

In fact, about 20 per cent of the LQTS patients in the study who had a history of seizures had survived at least one lethal cardiac arrhythmia.

For the study, the team analysed of more than 18,000 people affected with LQTS as well as their affected and unaffected family members, who provide a nearly ideal group of controls.

"In essence, they have the same genetic makeup, except theoretically, the LQTS-causing mutation," Auerbach added.

Analysing patients' genetic information, the team found that among the three different types of LQTS (LQTS1-3) patients with LQTS1 and LQTS2 had much higher prevalence of seizures than LQTS3 or no mutation - with LQTS2 at the greatest risk.

Further investigation of the LQTS-causing mutation showed that the specific location of the mutation greatly affected the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and seizures.

In one location on the gene, the mutation protected against these symptoms, but in another location on the same gene, the mutation increased the risk of those symptoms.

Understanding what each of these mutations does may shed new light on a basic mechanism of seizures and may provide viable therapeutic targets to treat LQTS, the researchers cocnluded.

The results were published in the journal Neurology.​

New York, July 31 (IANS) Researchers have determined how a protein can boost immune system's ability to battle pneumonia.

The finding may offer a new way for doctors to boost patients' ability to fight off the life-threatening infection as bacteria become more and more resistant to antibiotics.

"We're interested in seeing if there are things we can do to strengthen the natural defences of the host to help them fight the infection more effectively," said Borna Mehrad from University of Virginia School of Medicine.

"Potentially this would be the sort of thing you could do in addition to antibiotics to help patients with severe infections," Mehrad noted.

Mehrad and his team determined that the lack of the cytokine M-CSF (short for macrophage-colony stimulating factor) in infected mice worsened the outcome of bacterial pneumonia.

Not having the protein resulted in 10 times more bacteria in the lungs, 1,000 times more bacteria in the blood and spread the infection to the liver, resulting in increased deaths.

Clearly M-CSF has an important role in battling pneumonia, but what exactly does it do?

"M-CSF has previously been shown to help make a type of immune cell, called monocytes, so my idea was that if you take it away, infected hosts just stop making monocytes and that's why they get sick, and it turned out that was completely wrong," Mehrad said.

Instead, the findings published in The Journal of Immunology showed that M-CSF helped monocytes survive once they have arrived in the infected tissues.

"If you take M-CSF away, the infections get worse, so that raises two important questions about therapy: Would more be better? It may be that during infection, the body is making the right amount of M-CSF and if we add extra, it won't improve outcomes further," Mehrad said.

"The second possibility is that there is room for improvement: in the fight between monocytes and the bacteria, M-CSF may make monocytes live longer and give them an edge. In addition, some people with weakened immunity might not make enough of M-CSF. If that's the case, you could augment that and improve their ability to fight the infection," Mehrad explained.​