Knowledge Update

New York, June 21 (IANS) High blood sugar for long periods can cause serious health problems but surprisingly it can have a protective effect against one type of brain tumour that is not cancerous, says a new study.

"It's so unexpected. Usually diabetes and high blood sugar raises the risk of cancer, and it's the opposite here," said lead researcher Judith Schwartzbaum, Associate Professor at Ohio State University. 

The discovery could shed light on the development of meningiomas -- tumours arising from the brain and spinal cord that are usually not cancerous but that can require risky surgery and affect a patient's quality of life.

When the researchers compared blood tests in a group of more than 41,000 Swedes with meningioma diagnoses, they found that high blood sugar, particularly in women, actually meant the person was less likely to face a brain tumour diagnosis.

"It should lead to a better understanding of what's causing these tumors and what can be done to prevent them," Schwartzbaum noted.

Though meningiomas are rarely cancerous, they behave in a similar way, leading scientists to wonder if some relationships between possible risk factors and tumour development would be similar, Schwartzbaum said.

The researchers, looking at data collected from 1985 to 2012, identified 296 cases of meningioma, more than 61 percent of them in women.

Women with the highest fasting blood sugar were less than half as likely as those with the lowest readings to develop a tumour.

The study was published in the British Journal of Cancer.

Possible explanations for the relationship could be found by closer examination of the role of sex hormones and the interplay between glucose levels and those hormones, Schwartzbaum said. 

It's also possible that sugar levels dip during early tumour development because the tumour is using glucose to grow, she said.

A diabetes diagnosis before meningioma also appeared to decrease the risk of this tumour, although Schwartzbaum said the data likely had incomplete information on diabetes.​

​New York, June 21 (IANS) DNA tests have confirmed that the earliest population to settle in the high valleys of the Himalayas were indeed East Asians of high altitude origin.

The genetic make-up of high-altitude Himalayan populations has remained remarkably stable despite cultural transitions and exposure to outside populations through trade, the findings showed.

"In this study, we demonstrate that the Himalayan mountain region was colonised by East Asians of high altitude origin, followed by millennia of genetic stability despite marked changes in material culture and mortuary behaviour," said senior author of the study Christina Warinner, Professor at the University of Oklahoma in the US.

The study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The high altitude transverse valleys of the Himalayas were among the last habitable places permanently colonised by prehistoric humans due to the challenges of resource scarcity, cold stress and hypoxia.

The modern populations of these valleys, who share cultural and linguistic affinities with peoples found today on the Tibetan plateau, were commonly assumed to be the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of the Himalayan arc. 

However, this assumption had been challenged by archaeological and osteological evidence suggesting these valleys may have been originally populated from areas other than the Tibetan plateau, including those at low elevation.

To address the problem, Warinner and colleagues sequenced the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of eight high-altitude Himalayan individuals dating to three distinct cultural periods spanning 3,150 to 1,250 years before present. 

The authors compared these ancient DNA sequences to genetic data from diverse modern humans, including four Sherpa and two Tibetans from Nepal.

All eight prehistoric individuals across the three time periods were most closely related to contemporary highland East Asian populations -- the Sherpas and Tibetans.

The findings strengthen the evidence that the diverse material culture of prehistoric Himalayan populations is the result of acculturation or culture diffusion rather than large-scale gene flow or population replacement from outside highland East Asia.​

​Tokyo, June 20 (IANS) Japan recorded a 40.7 billion yen ($388 million) trade deficit in May, the first deficit since the beginning of 2016, the government said on Monday.

The latest figure contrasts with the 823.2 million yen ($7 million) surplus in April, EFE news reported.

​Toronto, June 20 (IANS) Here is another reason why you should hit the gym regularly as you grow older. New research has found that regular exercise could help muscles repair themselves as quickly as possible after injury even as you age.

For many mammals, including humans, the speed of muscle repair slows as they grow older, and it was once thought that complete repair could not be achieved after a certain age. 

"Exercise-conditioning rescues delayed skeletal muscle regeneration observed in advanced age," said one of the researchers Gianni Parise, Associate Professor at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 

This study, published online in The FASEB Journal, showed that after only eight weeks of exercise, old mice experienced faster muscle repair and regained more muscle mass than those of the same age that had not exercised. 

To make this discovery, the researchers used three groups of mice -- old mice that were exercise trained, old mice that were not exercise trained, and young mice that were not exercised trained. 

In the first group, old mice were trained three days/week for eight weeks. 

The effect of exercise in ageing muscle was measured by comparing the three groups of mice. 

Changes in muscle repair with ageing were determined by injecting the old mice and young mice (neither group exercised) with snake venom commonly used to induce muscle injury in rodent studies. 

These mice were compared prior to muscle injury, 10 days following injury and 28 days following injury.

"This is a clean demonstration that the physiological and metabolic benefits of exercise radiate to skeletal muscle satellite cells, the adult stem cells responsible for repair after injury, even in senescent animals," Thoru Pederson, Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal, said.​

New York, June 20 (IANS) Consuming blueberries can help in reverting age and improving vision and memory, says a new study.

"Eating blueberries can also curb risks of developing cancer as well as reduce the chances of heart diseases," Shuyang Qu, Doctoral Student at the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences in the US, said in a statement.

Previous studies have shown that blueberries were rich in healthy anti-oxidant substances, which could help prevent Alzheimer's -- an increasingly common form of dementia -- effects such as decline in cognitive skills and memory.

The researchers wanted to determine the consumer's knowledge about blueberry health benefits and see if there is a knowledge gap with blueberry health benefits among demographic groups.

They found that the low-income populations tend to know less about blueberry health benefits than the high-income groups.

The researchers surveyed more than 2,000 people, over 31 states in the US -- mostly on the East Coast and in the Midwest -- to see how well informed the consumers were about the health benefits of blueberries.​

​New York, June 20 (IANS) Babies who are born through Caesarean, exposed to antibiotics and are fed on formula milk are likely to have a slow growth as well as a decline in the diversity of microbes throughout the first year of life, finds a new study.

The findings showed that such children were at an increased risk of developing asthma, autoimmune diseases and obesity. 

Compared to vaginally born infants, those delivered by C-section showed significantly greater diversity of species in the weeks after birth. 

However, these measures declined in cesarean-born infants during their first month, after which they displayed lower diversity up to two years of age. 

"Our results provide evidence that modern practices have changed a baby's microbial communities in ways that last through the first year," said Martin Blaser, Professor at New York University.

"The change in birth mode interrupted the natural interplay between diversity and dominance," Blaser added.

Further, antibiotic treatment also significantly diminished diversity of bacterial species immediately following birth. 

Children fed on formula milk showed a decrease in the diversity of species during the second year of life also.

The study, published in the journal Science Translational Medicine, focused on the microbiome, the mix of bacterial species that live on human skin and in our guts and that co-evolved with humans to play roles in digestion, metabolism and immunity.

The team assessed the effects of modern practices on intestinal microbiota development in 43 US children of these 24 of were born by vaginal delivery and 19 by C-section.

They then used genomic and statistical techniques to analyse the millions of pieces of bacterial DNA in the samples.​

New York, June 20 (IANS) People who tend to put things off are more likely to develop insomnia -- a sleep disorder characterised by difficulty in falling or staying asleep, says a study.

The researchers said the link between procrastination and trouble falling asleep seemed to be explained by people worrying about things that they wanted to get done before going to bed, Live Science reported.

At bedtime "people who procrastinate are ruminating about the things they need to do and haven't done" and that makes it difficult for them to go to sleep, study author Ilana Hairston from Academic College of Tel Aviv in Israel was quoted as saying.

The study involved nearly 600 people. Through online questionnaires, the researchers examined their tendencies to procrastinate, along with their sleep problems and emotional states. 

The researchers found that trouble sleeping in participants could be an outcome of procrastination.

The results of the study will be published in a forthcoming issue of the journal Personality and Individual Differences.

Another important dimension that the researchers uncovered in the study was hat morning people -- those who wake up early in the morning and go to be early in the evening -- reported lower levels of procrastination and fewer sleep problems, compared to those who go to sleep late at night and wake up late -- the evening people.

The finding that evening people tend to procrastinate more than morning people is consistent with previous research, the researchers said.​

​London, June 20 (IANS) Scientists have discovered unexpectedly high number of giant exoplanets in a cluster of stars called Messier 67 that is about the same age as the Sun -- indicating that our solar system might have arisen in a similarly dense environment.

The team used several telescopes and instruments, including the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) spectrograph at European Southern Observatory's La Silla centre in Chile, to collect high-precision measurements of 88 stars in Messier 67. 

"We want to use an open star cluster as laboratory to explore the properties of exoplanets and theories of planet formation", said Roberto Saglia from the Max Planck Institutes in Germany who led the team. 

"Here we have not only many stars possibly hosting planets, but also a dense environment, in which they must have formed," Saglia added.

The study, published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, found that hot Jupiters were more common around stars in Messier 67 than is the case for stars outside of clusters.

A hot Jupiter is a giant exoplanet with a mass of more than about a third of Jupiter's mass. They are "hot" because they orbit close to their parent stars, as indicated by an orbital period (their "year") that is less than 10 days in duration. 

"This is really a striking result," said Anna Brucalassi, who carried out the analysis. 

"The new results mean that there are hot Jupiters around some 5 per cent of the Messier 67 stars studied -- far more than in comparable studies of stars not in clusters, where the rate is more like 1 per cent," Brucalassi added.

​Tokyo, June 20 (IANS) In a first, an international team of astronomers has found firm evidence of the presence of oxygen in the early universe -- only 700 million years after the Big Bang.

Using the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) telescope in Chile, the team including scientists from Japan, Sweden, Britain and European Southern Observatory found light from ionised oxygen in the SXDF-NB1006-2 galaxy -- making it the most distant unambiguous detection of oxygen ever obtained.

SXDF-NB1006-2 lies at a redshift of 7.2, meaning that we see it only 700 million years after the Big Bang.

Oxygen in SXDF-NB1006-2 was found to be 10 times less abundant than it is in the Sun, according to the study published recently in the journal Science. 

"The small abundance is expected because the universe was still young and had a short history of star formation at that time," said study co-author Naoki Yoshida from the University of Tokyo. 

"Our simulation actually predicted an abundance 10 times smaller than the Sun. But we have another, unexpected, result: a very small amount of dust," he added.

The detection of ionised oxygen indicates that many very brilliant stars, several dozen times more massive than the Sun, have formed in the galaxy and are emitting the intense ultraviolet light needed to ionise the oxygen atoms.

In the time before objects formed in the universe, it was filled with electrically neutral gas. But when the first objects began to shine, a few hundred million years after the Big Bang, they emitted powerful radiation that started to break up those neutral atoms -- to ionise the gas.

During this phase -- known as cosmic reionisation -- the whole universe changed dramatically. But there is much debate about exactly what kind of objects caused the reionisation. Studying the conditions in very distant galaxies can help to answer this question.

"SXDF-NB1006-2 would be a prototype of the light sources responsible for the cosmic reionisation," said lead author Akio Inoue from Osaka Sangyo University in Japan​

New York, June 20 (IANS) Vocal cords are able to produce a wide range of sound frequencies because of the larynx's ability to stretch vocal cords and the cords' molecular composition, finds a new research.

The larynx's ability to stretch vocal cords and the cords' molecular composition, show how these two characteristics of various species' larynxes can closely predict the range of frequencies each species can produce. 

The findings showed that larger animals had larger larynxes, and body size correlated well with the average frequency an animal could produce.

The mean pitch can be correlated with size with the amount of length change possible in the vocal cord, or how far it could stretch and a factor measuring the stiffness of the cord due to the fibre structures within, the study said.

At birth, vocal cords are composed of a uniform, gel-like material. As the vocal cords mature, fibres develop within the gel, eventually forming a multilayered, laminated string. 

The muscles in the larynx further modulate the sound the cords produce, lengthening and shortening the cords to change the pitch.

For the study, published in PLOS Computational Biology, the team compiled measurements of larynx characteristics for 16 species, including humans and animals ranging from mice to elephants. 

The results may help surgeons repair damaged vocal cords. 

Because both cord stretchiness and stiffness factor into range, doctors may have more options to design treatments to restore much of a patient's range, said Ingo Titze, scientists at the University of Utah in the US. 

The findings also have implications for vocal training, and suggest that singers can increase their ranges by either stretching their vocal cords or by engaging in exercises that affect fiber spacing and cord stiffness.​