Knowledge Update

​New Delhi, Sep 23 (IANS) Brand USA, the destination marketing organisation for the US, is attempting to drive enough Indian visits to meet its stated goal of 2.8 million tourists by 2021.

"Visitation to US, when it comes to Indians, has been great. We have had an increase of 17 per cent in 2015. The aim is to reach a milestone of 2.8 million visitors from India by 2021," Cathy Domanico, Vice President, Global Trade Development, Brand USA, told IANS on Friday.

Brand USA was established in 2010 by the Travel Promotion Act as the nation's first public-private partnership to promote the country as a premier travel destination.

The organisation's mission is to increase international visits to the US in order to fuel the economy and enhance the image of the US worldwide. 

"Our goal is to really educate the trade and the destinations. The objective is to bring people beyond the gateways as they don't see much if they come through the gateways," Domanico said during the fifth annual "Brand USA India Mission" organised here to provide an opportunity to the US suppliers to engage with key decision makers through free flow one-on-one appointments.

"We have plans in work to accomplish our goal as there are a lot of prospects in tourism from India to the United States," she added. 

More than 258 million visitors travelled to California in 2015 from every corner of the world, 291,000 of them from India. Indian travellers stayed an average 19 days on their trip, spending $1,785 each, making them a valuable target for California tourism businesses, according to the Brand USA. 

"India is a very big country which has its population in billions. We want to focus on the luxury market and education travels. We will continue to work on the millennial market as India has more number of people under the age of 35 than most of the countries," said Domanico

This study aimed to describe the status of Tourism Cultural and Promotional Development Division Office (TCPDD) of City Economic Management and Cooperative Development Office of CEMCDO. 

The study was conducted to determine the work ethics, values and performance of the Officers, specifically the

​Toronto, Sep 23 (IANS) Hormonal changes that women experience throughout their menstrual cycles can have significant effects on how they approach and solve problems, a study has found.

Women have sometimes reported that their memory works differently depending on which phase of the menstrual cycle they are in -- even during and following pregnancy, or following menopause, the study said. 

"Our research shows that, rather than impairing memory in general, oestrogen and progesterone - female sex hormones - may instead cause the brain to favour one memory system or strategy over another," said Wayne Brake, Professor at Concordia University in Quebec, Canada. 

For the study, researchers tested 45 women who had regular menstrual cycles. First, participants responded to a 'hormonal profile' questionnaire that gathered detailed information on their periods, past pregnancies, contraceptive and synthetic hormone intake history and general life habits.

The participants were then given a verbal memory task, such as remembering a list of words, as well as a virtual navigation task, such as finding their way through a maze in a video game, that could be solved in several ways.

The results showed that women who were ovulating performed better on the verbal memory task. On the other hand, women in their pre-menstrual phase tested better at solving spatial navigation tasks.

That proves that women tend to use different strategies to solve tasks -- such as navigating a maze or remembering a list of words -- depending on where they are in their menstrual cycle.

Previously studies have shown that the levels of oestrogen and progesterone in rodents influence different brain regions, affecting various memory systems involved in task-solving.

"For example, when oestrogen levels are high, female rats will use one type of memory system or strategy versus another to solve a maze. This is the first study to show that this is also true in humans (women), who solve tasks in different ways based on their hormones," Brake noted, in the paper published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology.

​New York, Sep 23 (IANS) In a ray of hope for people with alopecia areata -- an autoimmune disease that causes patchy, and sometimes total hair loss - researchers have found promise in a drug which is already approved for treating certain bone marrow disorders.

In a study, researchers from Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) reported that seventy five percent of patients with moderate to severe alopecia areata had significant hair regrowth after treatment with ruxolitinib.

By the end of their treatment, average hair regrowth was 92 percent, said the study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation/Insight.

Ruxolitinib is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug that inhibits the Janus kinase (JAK) family of enzymes known as JAK inhibitors.

"Although our study was small, it provides crucial evidence that JAK inhibitors may constitute the first effective treatment for people with alopecia areata," said Julian Mackay-Wiggan, Associate Professor at CUMC .

"This is encouraging news for patients who are coping with the physical and emotional effects of this disfiguring autoimmune disease," Mackay-Wiggan noted.

Alopecia areata, the second most common form of hair loss, can occur at any age and affects men and women equally. 

The disease usually causes hair loss on the scalp, but some patients also experience facial and body hair loss, with devastating consequences particularly in children. Currently, there is no known treatment that can completely restore hair.

Previously, the Columbia researchers identified the specific immune cells and the dominant inflammatory signalling pathways responsible for attacking the hair follicle in alopecia areata, putting them into a dormant state. 

Subsequent experiments with mouse and human hair follicles showed that topical and oral drugs that inhibit the Janus kinase family of enzymes, reawaken these dormant follicles by blocking inflammatory signalling. 

Two such JAK inhibitors already approved by the U.S. FDA are ruxolitinib, a medication that is used to treat bone marrow malignancies, and tofacitinib, a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

To test this hypothesis, the researchers initiated a small, open-label clinical trial of 12 patients with moderate to severe alopecia areata (more than 30 per cent hair loss). 

All patients were given 20 mg of oral ruxolitinib, twice a day, for three to six months.

Participants were followed for an additional three months to assess the durability of treatment response.

Nine of the patients had hair regrowth of 50 per cent or more. By the end of the treatment period, 77 per cent of those who responded to the therapy achieved hair regrowth of over 95 per cent. 

A third of the responders had significant hair loss in the follow-up period after the medication was stopped, although their hair loss did not reach pre-treatment levels.

The drug was well tolerated in all participants with no serious adverse effects, the researchers reported.

New York, Sep 23 (IANS) A gene that can potentially reduce female mosquitoes has been identified by a team of US researchers. That's good news for malaria, dengue, Zika control. The bad news is this happens over generations of moquitoes.

Female mosquitoes draw human blood to facilitate their egg production and are also the prime carriers of the pathogens that cause deadly diseases like malaria, Zika, and dengue fever.

The study found that placing a particular Y chromosome gene on the autosomes of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes -- a species responsible for transmitting malaria -- killed off 100 per cent of all female embryos that inherited this gene.

The extra copy of this gene, which the researchers call Guy1, is passed on to both sexes but only males survive, the study said. 

"The Guy1 protein is a strong candidate of the male determining factor in Anopheles stephensi," said Zhijian "Jake" Tu, Professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the US.

"The extra copy of the Guy1 gene is only passed down to half of the progeny, leaving some females among the mosquitoes that did not inherit the gene in the next generation," added Frank Criscione from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the US.

In order to produce all male offspring, all progeny needs to inherit this extra copy of Guy1, which can potentially be achieved by using genome-editing, the researchers stated, in the paper published in the journal eLife.

London, Sep 23 (IANS) Researchers have found a potential new way of stopping one of the most aggressive types of brain tumour from spreading, which could also lead the way to better patient survival.

Glioblastoma, which is one of the most common types of malignant brain tumours in adults, grow fast as well as spread easily. 

The tumour has threadlike tendrils that extend into other parts of the brain making it difficult to remove it all, the study from the University of Southampton in Britain said.

The findings suggest that by blocking specific enzymes called ADAM10 and ADAM17, the tumour can be stopped from growing and spreading. 

It also moves the cancer cells away from the place where they were growing which could allow them to be removed through traditional cancer treatments such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery, the researchers noted.

"Glioblastoma is a devastating disease which is often untreatable. We have found that blocking ADAMs may lead to reduced tumour growth and less recurrence following conventional treatments, improving the chance of complete surgical removal and improving survival rates," said Sandrine Willaime-Morawek, Lecturer at the University of Southampton in Britain.

The current treatment regimens are ineffective against the small population of cancer stem cells residing in the tumourigenic niche. 

These tumours are highly proliferative and infiltrative resulting in a median patient survival of only 14 months from diagnosis.

However, the new therapeutic approach could involve the removal of these cells from the microenvironment that maintains the cancer stem cell phenotype, the researchers concluded in the paper published in the journal Molecular Neurobiology. 

Jerusalem, Sep 23 (IANS) Using a membrane extract from spinach leaves, Israeli researchers have developed a bio-photo-electro-chemical (BPEC) cell device that produces electricity and hydrogen from water using sunlight.

The BPEC cell is based on the naturally occurring process of photosynthesis in plants in which light drives electrons that produce storable chemical energetic molecules that are the fuels of all cells in the animals and plants.

The BPEC cell and plant membranes absorbs sunlight and convert it into a flow of electrons. In order to utilise photosynthesis for producing electric current, the researchers added an iron-based compound to the solution. 

This compound mediates the transfer of electrons from the biological membranes to the electrical circuit, enabling the creation of an electric current in the cell.

The electrical current can also be channelled to form hydrogen gas through the addition of electric power from a small photovoltaic cell that absorbs the excess light. 

This makes possible the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy that is stored as hydrogen gas formed inside the BPEC cell, suggested the study published in the journal Nature Communications.

This energy can be also converted into heat and electricity when necessary by burning the hydrogen, in the same way hydrocarbon fuels are used.

However, unlike the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels -- which emit greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere and pollute the environment -- the product of hydrogen combustion is clean water. 

Therefore, this is a closed cycle that begins with water and ends with water, allowing the conversion and storage of solar energy in hydrogen gas, which could be a clean and sustainable substitute for hydrocarbon fuel.

"The combination of natural (leaves) and artificial (photovoltaic cell and electronic components), and the need to make these components communicate with each other, are complex engineering challenges that required us to join forces," said Avner Rothschild, researcher at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, at Haifa, in Israel.

​New York, Sep 24 (IANS) When strict deadlines are in place, workers tend to complete their tasks at the last minute, often leading to lower quality outcomes, a new study shows.

In the study, the researchers from Syracuse University examined the impact of deadlines using large-scale patent data. 

The findings showed that patent applications tend to cluster around the end of the month and those month-end applications are, on average, more complex. 

Moreover, the work quality is lower for tasks completed at month-end.

"Our study is valuable because it examined work flows, task complexity and work quality across thousands of firms for several decades," said Natarajan Balasubramanian, associate professor at the Whitman School of Management at Syracuse University in New York, US. 

"We now have novel, large-scale evidence for the effect of deadlines on job-flows and have quantifiably demonstrated the negative effects deadlines can have on work quality," Balasubramanian added.

The study suggests that managers need to be vigilant about understanding the negative work quality effects of using deadlines, and should review to fully discern if the benefit of accelerating projects outweighs the possible negative effects on work quality, the researchers said.

"Further, to the extent that the use of deadlines leads to poorer-quality and 'fuzzier' patents, deadlines have broader implications for the process of technological innovation," Balasubramanian noted.

The study is forthcoming in Management Science.

​London, Sep 24 (IANS) Infants whose mothers had a higher level of a particular type of vitamin B during pregnancy may be at a lower risk of developing eczema -- inflammation of the skin -- researchers have found.

The study, from the University of Southampton in Britain, is the first to link maternal serum levels of nicotinamide -- a naturally occurring form of vitamin B3 -- and related metabolites to the risk of atopic eczema -- the most common form of eczema -- in the child.

The results showed that offspring of mothers with higher levels of nicotinamide had a 30 per cent lower chance of developing atopic eczema at 12 months. 

There was an even stronger association with higher levels of anthranilic acid, a tryptophan metabolite.

Nicotinamide and related nutrients are important for the body's immune responses and energy metabolism, the study said.

Levels of nicotinamide are maintained through intake of foods such as fish, meat, chicken, mushrooms, nuts and coffee as well as tryptophan, an amino acid found in most proteins. 

Nicotinamide can improve the overall structure, moisture and elasticity of skin and therefore could potentially alter the disease processes associated with eczema, the researchers noted. 

Further, the study showed a gradual association between higher maternal nicotinamide and anthranilic acid levels and a lower risk of atopic eczema, suggesting that the development of eczema is not simply prevented by the presence of these nutrients.

"Nicotinamide cream has been used in the treatment of eczema but the link between the mother's levels of nicotinamide during pregnancy and the offspring's risk of atopic eczema has not been previously studied. The findings point to potentially modifiable influences on this common and distressing condition," said lead researcher Sarah El-Heis from the University of Southampton.

For the study, published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy, the team assessed the amount of nicotinamide and related tryptophan metabolites during pregnancy in 497 women who took part in the Southampton Women's Survey. 

The team studied the rates of eczema in their children at ages 6 and 12 months.

The study supports the concept that eczema partly originates as a baby develops in the womb and could reveal ways of reducing the risk of the skin condition, the researchers said.

"More research is needed to investigate this interesting association, but the findings are further evidence of the potential benefits of eating a healthy balanced diet during pregnancy," added Keith Godfrey, professor at the University of Southampton.